Low-level radioactive waste (LLW)

This waste emits small amounts of radioactivity. It usually needs minimal shielding during handling and transport and is packed in steel drums for storage. The waste may be mixed with cement or compacted before disposal. 

Examples include gloves, gowns and clothes used when producing nuclear medicines and conducting nuclear research. 

Volumes

These are waste volumes before applying future waste conditioning or packaging that disposal may require.

The total numbers in Table 3 are slightly different from Table 1 because we have limited the numbers to 3 significant figures.

Table 3: LLW volumes in 2024 inventory (m3)
Organisation / group Existing Future Total
ANSTO 2,460 4,770 7,230
CSIRO 1,050 - 1,050
Defence 69 88 157
ARPANSA 70 - 70
Other Commonwealth government 1 - 1
State and territory government and regulators 24 - 24
Total 3,674 4,858 8,532

Where volume is less than 1m3, we have rounded up to 1m3.

Table 4: LLW volumes in 2021 inventory (m3)
Organisation / group Existing Future TBD Total
ANSTO 2,307 10,665 - 12,972
CSIRO 44 40   84
Defence 70 88   158
ARPANSA 66 -   66
Hospital - 2 1 3
Other Commonwealth government 2 -   2
Research and education 1 1   2
Total 2,490  10,796 1 13,287

Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the volumes of LLW held by the different organisational groups, and what proportion each organisational group holds of the total inventory of LLW. ANSTO and CSIRO hold the majority of LLW waste.

LLW volumes held by organisation. Data table on next tab.

The volumes of LLW held by each organisational group in the 2024 inventory, separated by existing and future waste.

2024 LLW volumes by organisation
Organisation Volume (m3) Existing waste / Future waste
ANSTO 4772.6 Future
ANSTO 2459.5 Existing
CSIRO 1050 Existing
ASA 130 Future
Defence 88 Future
ARPANSA 70.23 Existing
Defence 69.06 Existing
State / territory 23.5657651 Existing

 

Total LLW volume percentages by organisations. Data table on next tab.

The percentage of total LLW held by each organisational group in the 2024 inventory, separated by existing and future waste.

% of total 2024 LLW volumes by organisation
Organisation % of LLW Volume by Organisation Existing waste / Future waste
ANSTO 95.63% Future
ANSTO 66.97% Existing
CSIRO 28.59% Existing
ASA 2.60% Future
ARPANSA 1.91% Existing
Defence 1.88% Existing
Defence 1.76% Future
State / territory 0.64% Existing
Other Commonwealth government 0.00% Existing

Radioactivity

Table 5: LLW activity in 2024 inventory (MBq)
Organisation / group Existing Future Total
ANSTO 32,500,000 1,280,000 33,780,000
CSIRO 47,300 - 47,300
Defence 6,450 - 6,450
ARPANSA 30,200 - 30,200
Other Commonwealth government 1 - 1
State and territory government and regulators 456,000 370,000 826,000
Total 33,039,951 1,650,000 34,689,951

 

Percentage of total 2024 LLW activity by organisation. Data table on next tab.

The percentage of total activity attributed to the LLW held by each organisational group in the 2024 inventory, separated by existing and future waste.

% of total 2024 LLW activity by organisation
Organisation % of LLW radionuclides by Organisation Existing waste / Future waste
ANSTO 98.37% Existing
ANSTO 77.54% Future
State / territory 22.46% Future
State / territory 1.38% Existing
CSIRO 0.14% Existing
ARPANSA 0.09% Existing
Defence 0.02% Existing
Other Commonwealth government 0.00% Existing

Uncertainties

  • We did not receive waste volume estimates for some reported waste streams.
  • Many waste streams with estimated volume do not have estimated activity.
  • Both estimates have limitations in this regard. Estimating radioactivity is particularly uncertain due to the nature of radioactive decay.
  • We have limited the numbers to 3 significant figures to reflect the uncertainties.

Radionuclide breakdown

These figures only include the waste streams where we received radionuclide activity values. The activity values are expressed as multiples of 10 to the power n. For example, 2x10 is 2x10x10x10 = 2000.

Caesium-137 (Cs-137) is the biggest contributor of radioactivity in the LLW waste streams. Cs-137 is produced in nuclear reactors by fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes.

Cs-137 is used in:

  • medical radiation therapy for treating cancer
  • radiation gauges to measure density and thickness. 

Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the radionuclide activity within the total LLW activity in the 2024 report. 

Figure 5 shows the main radionuclides that contribute most of the activity in the LLW waste streams. Figure 6 displays the ‘Other’ radionuclides featured in Figure 5. There are other radionuclides with even lower activity that we have not included in Figure 6.

LLW activity by major radionuclides. Data table on next tab.

The percentage contributions and activities (1012 Bq) of the main radionuclides to the total 2024 LLW activity.

2024 LLW Activity (10^12 Bq) by major radionuclides
Activity (10^12 Bq) Major radionuclides
30.08513208 Cs-137
1.807736498 Other
1.604084727 Actinides
0.81636608 Co-60
Total LLW activity by other radionuclides. Data table on next tab.

The total activities (1012 Bq) of the other radionuclides for LLW in the 2024 inventory.

2024 LLW activity (10^12 Bq) by other radionuclides
Other radionuclides Activity (10^12 Bq)
H-3 0.396868
Fe-55 0.316164
Eu-152 0.207283
MN-54 0.103243
Zn-65 0.086482
Bi-212 0.086142
Nb-95 0.077583
Sb-125 0.070311
Sr-90 0.054196
Cs-134 0.053701
C-14 0.04058
Kr-85 0.037549
Cr-51 0.035723
Ru-103 0.025334
Ra-226 0.02276
Ce-144 0.005538
Zr-95 0.004216
Pr-144 0.003759
Bi-214 0.003739
Ce-141 0.003406
Tl-208 0.00314
La-140 0.003124
Pb-212 0.002471
Pb-214 0.00246
Ba-140 0.00227
Po-210 0.001855
Pb-210 0.001334
Rh-106 0.001241
I-131 0.001151
Ru-106 0.001053
Ba-133 0.000992
K-40 0.00088
Te-129m 0.000848
Ni-63 0.000827
Cd-109 0.000814
Nd-147 0.000784
Co-57 0.000667
Te-123m 0.000655
Ra-224 0.00054
Rn-220 0.000398
Eu-155 0.000264
Mo-99 0.000241
Te-127 0.000236
Na-22 0.000231
Bi-207 0.000163
I-132 5.94E-05
Ag-108m 4.93E-05
Eu-151 4.86E-05
Sc-46 3.93E-05
Te-132 3.1E-05
Xe-131m 2.28E-05
Ta-182 2.04E-05
Ag-110m 1.81E-05
Te-121 1.72E-05
Sn-123 1.68E-05
Ir-192 7.38E-06
Te-121m 3.38E-06
Tl-204 2.44E-06
Nb-94 2.44E-06
Cl-36 1.85E-06
Fe-59 8.47E-07
Cd-115m 6.76E-07
Co-58 5.60E-08
I-129 4.07E-09
Pm-147 2.67E-09
Po-208 1.85E-09