Activities included in the space sector

The Australian space sector is defined as a set of space-related activities along the space value chain and is part of the broader space economy.

The Australian space sector value chain broadly includes four segments of activities. All actors (private, public and academic) participating in any activities which sit within these segments are part of the space sector.

Manufacturing and core inputs, consisting of:

Ground segment manufacturing and services
The building and integration of ground-based facilities and equipment that perform space-related activities. Associated services, such as maintenance, are included within this category. For example, manufacturing a satellite dish and control facility that will receive data from, and transmit to, a satellite.
Space segment manufacturing and services
The building and integration of items to go into space, including spacecraft, satellites, payloads and products to be used in space. For example, manufacturing a satellite that will perform earth observation.

Space operations

Launch activities, the management of objects in space, and activities associated with using and managing satellites in space. It also includes operations and remote operations conducted in space. For example, launching the satellite into space, monitoring space debris, or providing instructions to a satellite for earth observation images to capture.

Space applications

The use of space-derived resources to create usable and useful products and services, including software, hardware and publications, and services provided across the economy. Further, the application of space technologies and data to improve other areas of the economy. For example, producing the hardware and software to process earth observation imagery or direct to home television (DTH TV).

Enablers, consisting of:

Regulation and essential service delivery
Policy and regulatory enablers of the space sector as a whole. For example, regulating launch safety.
Infrastructure and capabilities
Infrastructure, both physical and intangible, that supports the space sector as a whole. It also includes the development of capabilities that are relevant to, and support, the development of the space sector. For example, roads and utilities that service a remote launch facility or education in engineering disciplines required to operate satellites.
Research, development and engineering
Research, development and engineering that supports the activities of the space sector, including experimental and exploratory activities, and activities which test and refine technologies. For example, research into new extreme temperature resistant technologies or new data transfer processes.
Specialised support services
The range of professional support services which directly contribute to, and enable, the activities that comprise the space sector. For example, a law firm that specialises in space law to help a launch operator manage their space-related activity and legal compliance.

Value chain of the space sector

Together these four segments of activities comprise the space sector value chain (Figure 2).

Figure 2 | Value chain of the space sector

Graphic overview of the activities included in the space sector. Detailed information is provided in the following table below.

Space sector activities and examples

**Table 1 |** Categorised list of space sector activities and examples
Space sector activities
Manufacturing and core inputs: ground segment manufacturing and services Building of facilities and equipment on Earth for satellite and space craft operations (for example, control centres, telemetry and antennae) Integration of facilities and equipment on Earth for satellite and space craft operations (for example, control centres, telemetry and antennae) Building of launch vehicles and subsystems, scientific instruments, ground segment systems and equipment Integration of launch vehicles and subsystems, scientific instruments, ground segment systems and equipment Services associated with ground segments (for example, day-to-day professional and technical operations of ground segment systems)
Manufacturing and core inputs: space segment manufacturing and services Building of spacecraft, and any components thereof including propulsion systems, rockets, space craft and satellites Integration of spacecraft, and any components thereof including propulsion systems, rockets, space craft and satellites Building of payloads and their components, including but not limited to satellites, subsystems, and scientific instruments Integration of payloads and their components, including but not limited to satellites, subsystems, and scientific instruments Manufacturing of products for use in-space (for example, space suits and flight suits) Services associated with space segment manufacturing (for example, day-to-day professional and technical operations of space segment systems)
Space operations Launch activities and launch services (for example, launch of a rocket from within Australia) Space object tracking and mission planning, including day-to-day management of satellites and spacecraft once they are in space (for example, telemetry, tracking and control, satellite passes), and space situational awareness (for example, monitoring, recovery operations and collision avoidance) Lease or sale of satellite capacity Uplinks and downlinks for signal processing to reception facility Operations and remote operations in space (for example, robotics in orbit and on the surface of the Moon or other celestial bodies, experiments conducted in space relating to biology, effects of microgravity on the human body, microgravity manufacturing in space)
Space applications Satellite communications and broadband products and services (for example, mobile satellite communications, satellite internet systems, satellite data, satellite imaging and all other non-television satellite broadcasting, Fixed-Satellite Service (FSS) transponder leasing, FSS managed services, direct to node communications) Direct to home television products and services Earth observation and associated communication and data products and services for use in other areas of the economy (for example, in weather, surveillance, agriculture, transportation and mining) Global positioning, navigation and timing products and services, GNSS services Advanced manufacturing and/or development of hardware that enables the transformation of space-derived resources into a usable/useful format (for example, network ground equipment and antennae such as antennae for satellite direct to home television, earth observation equipment, laser communications, chipsets and applications, cyber security and secure communication hardware) Development of software that enables the transformation of space-derived resources into a usable/useful format (for example, Earth observation software, cyber security and secure communication software, artificial intelligence for on-board satellite data processing) Internet of Things services for sensors and sensor networks using satellites Functional publications, such as atlases and maps, that use space-based data
Regulation and essential service delivery Establishing and enforcing legislation, regulations and standards, both domestically and as part of international agreements Domestic and international policymaking relating to space-related activities Facilitation of domestic and international connections between actors in the global space economy
Infrastructure and capabilities Construction and maintenance of common facilities and communications infrastructure Infrastructure needed to support the Internet of Things Education and training in space-related disciplines, including outreach and science communication (for example, education programs such as ‘space camp’, and production of educational space history books) Coordination and services which enable space sector actors throughout the value chain,
Research, development and engineering R&D related to non-commercial or pre-commercial activities (for example, research activities carried out at universities with a view to advancing space technologies) Planetary science, astronomy, astrophysics, advanced materials for space, atmospheric science, and astrobiology Space medicine Design of spacecraft, satellites and payloads or components thereof (for example, design of cubesats, launch vehicle cargo capacity, sensors, spacecraft propulsion systems) Testing of spacecraft, satellites and payloads or components thereof (for example, scientific testing facilities, testing of light launch vehicles and propulsion technologies, heat treatment for space segments, space simulation services to test vacuum and thermal conditions of space) Design of ground segment equipment, hardware and components (for example, improvements to antenna design) Testing of ground segment equipment, hardware and components (for example, testing of dish antennae, mobile satellite terminals, satellite radios) Design of software necessary for space applications (for example, software design for a satellite phone) Testing of software necessary for space applications (for example, testing of software for a satellite phone)
Specialised support services Launch and satellite insurance (including brokerage) services Specialised space-related financial and legal services Development of software and IT services that directly support space-related activity Specialised space-related market research and consultancy services (for example, space-related brokerage services) Business incubation and development that directly supports space sector activity Specialised communication, media and outreach services for space and space science Health services associated with astronauts’ health on space missions and provision of space specific medical services.